■ Carbon compounds
► | Compounds that contain the element carbon. |
► | Organic compounds | |
► | Inorganic compounds. |
► | Compounds having one or more atoms in its structure. | |||||||||||||
► | The carbon atoms in organic compounds are covalently bonded to other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. | |||||||||||||
► | Originate from living organism such as plants and animals. | |||||||||||||
► | Examples of organic compounds and its contents:
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► | Carbon compounds that do not originate from living organism. | |
► | Examples of inorganic carbon compounds: carbon dioxide (CO2), potassium carbonate (K2CO3) etc. |
Hydrocarbon
■ Hydrocarbon
► | An organic compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen. |
► | All carbon and hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon molecules bonded by covalent bonds. | |||||||
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► | Each hydrogen atom in the hydrocarbon molecules is bonded to a carbon atom through a single covalent bond. |
► | Saturated hydrocarbons
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► | Unsaturated hydrocarbons
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► | All the hydrocarbons do not mix with water. | |
► | Melting point, boiling point and hydrocarbon density increases gradually with increasing relative molecular mass and the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. | |
► | The nature of hydrocarbons physics at room temperature and pressure change from gas to liquid and finally solid line with the increasing relative molecular mass and the number of carbon atoms in each molecule. | |
► | Burns completely in excess air to produce CO2 gas, water and energy as the following examples: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + energy |
► | Apart from living things, petroleum (or also known as crude oil) is another source of carbon compounds essential.
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► | In fact, petroleum consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons consisting of small molecules to large size. |
► | Hydrocarbon of different molecular sizes have different boiling points. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
► | Hydrocarbon can be separated by using fractional distillation. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
► | In fractional distillation, hydrocarbons consisting of small molecule size are distilled out at low temperatures followed by larger molecules at higher temperatures.
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Homologous series
■ Homologous series
► | A series of compounds with a similar general formula, usually varying by a single parameter such as the length of a carbon chain. | |
► | All members of a homologous series have a functional group that determines their chemical properties. |
► | A group of molecules or atoms that take part in a chemical reaction. | |
► | The following animation shows the functional groups of several homologous series. |
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► | Represented by a general formula that allows the molecular formula of a member of the same homologous series be predicted. | |||||||||||||
► | Each member differs from the previous(or next) with relative molecular mass quantity and a fixed number of atoms.
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► | When descending a homologous series, the members showed a gradual physical properties change.
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► | Each member of the same homologous series has similar chemical properties. |
Formula for organic molecules
■ Molecular formula of the compound
► | Shows the actual number of the atoms of the elements that combine to form the compound. |
► | Shows how the type of atom and bonds are arranged in the molecular structure of a compound. |
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⇲ For exercise(objective and subjective), download for free on Android OS. | |
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