Matter
■ Anything that occupies space and has mass.
■ Three states of matter: Solid, liquid and gas.
■ The animation below shows the characteristics of matters in solid, liquid and gaseous states.
■ This video contains information about the characteristics of matters.
■ Particle of matters
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Matter is made up of very small discrete particles. |
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Elementary particles that make up matter may be atoms, molecules or ions. |
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The animation below shows the particle of matter classification.
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■ Evidences of the existence of these particles.
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Ink spreads throughout the water when it drops into a beaker of water. |
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Gas smell detected when the gas tap in the laboratory is opened. |
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Kinetic theory of matter
■ Kinetic theory of matter:
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The particles possess kinetic energy. They are in constant motion and constantly collide with each other. |
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Particle often move randomly and the velocities of the particles in the three physical states of matter are different.
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There are forces of attraction between particles of matter. These attraction forces will increase as the distance between the particle become closer. |
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The higher the temperature, the higher is the kinetic energy as the velocity of the particles increases. |
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At a given temperature, the lighter particles move faster than heavier ones. |
■ Evidences
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Diffusion: The movement of particles in matter from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until
both areas has the same concentration. |
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Brownian movement: The particles of liquid and gas move randomly and collide against one another. |
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The changes in the states of matter
■ Heat energy determines the movement of particles in matter:
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If the temperature of matter increases, kinetic energy in the particles will increase. |
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The particles will move at a faster rate. |
■ When heat is supplied:
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The state of matter will change from solid to liquid and finally to gas. |
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The changes in the state of matter which take place are :
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Melting – from solid state to liquid state |
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Boiling – from liquid state to gas state |
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Sublimation – from solid state to gas state (skipping the liquid state) |
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The animation below shows a graph on the change of temperature when heating a substance.
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At A, the substance is in a solid state. |
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At AB, energy is absorbed by particles when heated. |
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At B, the substance is still solid. |
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At BC, is the melting point. |
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At C, the substance is in liquid state. |
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At CD, temperature rises causing the particles to obtain more kinetic energy. |
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At D, the substance is in liquid state |
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At DE, the substance is in a liquid-gaseous state. |
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At E, the substance is in gaseous state. |
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At EF, the particles continue to absorb heat and move faster. |
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■ When heat is released:
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The state of matter will change from gas to liquid and finally to solid. |
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The changes in the state of matter which take place are :
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Freezing – from liquid state to solid state |
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Condensation – from gas state to liquid state |
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Sublimation – from gas state to solid state |
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The animation below shows a graph on the change of temperature when cooling a substance.
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At G, the substance is in gaseous state. |
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At GH, the particles loses kinetic energy. |
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At H, the substance is still in gaseous state. |
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At HI, this is the boiling point. |
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At I, the substance is in liquid state. |
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At IJ, the temperature falls and the particles begin to release energy. |
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At J, the liquid begins to freeze. |
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At JK, this is the freezing point. |
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At K, all liquid is now in solid state. |
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At KL, the temperature of the solid keeps going down. |
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■ The animation below shows the changes in the state of matter and the heat change.
⇲ For exercise(objective and subjective), download for free on Android OS. |
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